What is Object Oriented Programming (OOP)? || Basic OOP Concepts

Object-Oriented Programming is a programming style which has concepts of classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, etc.
Basically, it’s an operation of taking input, processing the data and returning the output. OOP completely depends on objects, how they relate and how they communicate with each other in order to manipulate data.

As an object can be described as an instance of a class which can contain both variables (attributes) and functions (methods). So, the most important step is to identify the objects and to find the relationship between them.

In Object-Oriented Programming, data can be accessed by the functions that are associated with those objects. This approach depends on 

• Identifying objects and assigning responsibilities to these objects.
• Objects communicate with each other by sending messages.
• Messages are received by the methods of an object that in return process the data.

Java, C++, Python, Ruby, Visual basic.Net, etc are languages that support the concept of object-oriented programming.


The main concepts of OOP are 

1. Class:

A class is a template which contains attributes and methods. Basically, a class is a set of similar entities. For Example, a class Rectangle can have attributes length, width, height, etc and can have methods toCalculateArea(), etc.

2. Object:

An object is an instance of a class. A class can have more than one objects. For Example, by creating the instance of the above class rectangle, we can access the attributes of the rectangle class such as length, width, and height. Putting these values into toCalculateArea() method, we can get the area of the rectangle. An object of the above class can be created as

Rectangle rectangle  = new Rectangle();

3. Inheritance:

Inheritance is basically a parent-child relationship between the two classes. A parent and child class hold IS-A relationship. A parent class holds the general properties which are inherited by the child classes whereas subclass also has its own additional specific properties as well. When we create an object of child class it gains all properties of the parent class.
Examples:

• A dog is an animal.
• A rectangle is a shape.

In the above example, an animal is a base class which has the general properties while the dog is the subclass which has his own additional properties such as barking, etc. The keyword extends is used to inherit the properties from the parent class. Just like

class Dog extends Animal{
//body
}

4. Polymorphism:

Polymorphism is the ability to appear in many forms. Polymorphism gives us the benefit to process objects differently depending on their data type and class.

There are two types of Polymorphism

1. Static polymorphism
2. dynamic polymorphism

Static polymorphism:

It is known as compile-time polymorphism. Static polymorphism is basically method overloading. It gives permission to have more than one method having the same name but with different parameters or a different number of parameters. The compiler knows at the compilation time which method to run.  

Dynamic polymorphism:

It is known as runtime polymorphism. It is basically known as Method Overriding. The compiler decides at the runtime which method to run. All subclasses of the base class have the method with the same name and parameters. JVM decides the method of which class to run at the runtime.

5. Abstraction:

Abstraction means mention important features without including background details. For example, while driving a bus you do not have concerned with its internal functionality, you only concerned with gayer, accelerator, wheels, steering etc. This type of data is put into the abstract class and concrete class is build by following the abstract class.

6. Encapsulation:

Encapsulation means wrapping the data. Encapsulated data of the certain class will be hidden from other classes. 
To achieve encapsulation in java, declare the variable of the class as a private.
Provide public setter and getter method to modify or view the values.
Example:

• private int age;
• private String name;

We can use the setter-getter method to access age and name.

7. Interface:

An interface is like a contract which is agreed by a class in which a class implements the methods of an interface. An interface is a sort of abstract class in which all the methods are abstract. None of the method defined in the interface has the body. The syntax of writing an interface is very much similar to that of the class. You write it in a similar way except you specify it as the interface, not as a class. An interface contains method definitions, not method bodies just like an abstract class. An abstract class can also have some non-abstract method body definitions but an interface contains only method definitions.

A class does not extend the interface as it extends its superclass instead it implements the interface. A class can implement as many interfaces as it wants. If a class does not provide the body to every method of the interfaces it implements then it becomes an abstract class. You cannot create an object of that class.

Note: If you want to become a good programmer than it is necessary for you to have a good command of OOP. Object-oriented programming has many applications such as client-server systems, object-oriented databases, Real-Time system design, etc. So, work hard to get good skill in OOP and do not give up.